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Innate Immune Responses and Gut Microbiomes Distinguish HIV-Exposed from HIV-Unexposed Children in a Population-Specific Manner

In both high- and low-income countries, HIV-negative children born to HIV-positive mothers (HIV exposed, uninfected [HEU]) are more susceptible to severe infection than HIV-unexposed, uninfected (HUU) children, with altered innate immunity hypothesized to be a cause. Both the gut microbiome and systemic innate immunity differ across biogeographically distinct settings, and the two are known to influence each other.

Improving Vaccine-Induced Immunity: Can Baseline Predict Outcome?

Baseline signatures might contribute to identifying interventional targets to be modulated prior to vaccination in order to improve vaccination responses

The non-specific and sex-differential effects of vaccines

The textbook view of vaccination is that it functions to induce immune memory of the specific pathogen components of the vaccine, leading to a quantitatively and qualitatively better response if the host is exposed to infection with the same pathogen

Interferon-α2b Treatment for COVID-19

We describe here the effects of treatment with interferon-α2b in a cohort of confirmed COVID-19 cases in Wuhan, China

Vaccination strategies to enhance immunity in neonates

Protection may be further improved by integrating these approaches, namely vaccinating the neonate under the cover of vertically transferred maternal immunity

Maternal HIV infection alters antimicrobial immunity in exposed and uninfected infants

Implementation of lifelong ART of all HIV-infected women has the potential to improve maternal determinants of protective immunity in the young infant

Clinical protocol for a longitudinal cohort study to identify markers of vaccine immunogenicity in newborn infants in the gambia and papua New Guinea

Immunity is distinct in early life and greater precision is required in our understanding of mechanisms of early life protection to inform development of new pediatric vaccines

Dynamic molecular changes during the first week of human life follow a robust developmental trajectory

Systems biology and innovative data integration can provide fresh insights into the molecular ontogeny of the first week of life

Cutaneous CpG adjuvant conditioning to enhance vaccine responses

Adjuvant activity of the Toll receptor 9 agonist CpG 1826 was compared when given subcutaneously (s.c.) together with ovalbumin (s.c.[CpG + Ova]), or when given by either s.c. or intradermally (i.d.) routes two days prior to s.c. ovalbumin.

Revaccination with Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) is associated with an increased risk of abscess and lymphadenopathy

The reported frequency and types of adverse events following initial vaccination and revaccination with Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) varies worldwide. Using active surveillance in a randomised controlled trial of BCG vaccination (the BRACE trial), we determined the incidence and risk factors for the development of BCG injection site abscess and regional lymphadenopathy.